Rather than use the alias, repeat the CASE expression in the group by clause
select case when pedido_cliente like 'NT%' then 'Engines' when pedido_cliente like 'FE%' then 'Pilot' end as Planta
from dbo.pedidos
group by case when pedido_cliente like 'NT%' then 'Engines' when pedido_cliente like 'FE%' then 'Pilot' end